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各位老铁们好，相信很多人对门捷列夫简介都不是特别的了解，因此呢，今天就来为大家分享下关于门捷列夫简介以及门捷列夫生平有哪些简介的问题知识，还望可以帮助大家，解决大家的一些困惑，下面一起来看看吧！
门捷列夫的生平事迹都有什么
1834年2月8日，门捷列夫生于俄国贫寒的中学教员家庭。他天资聪颖，勤奋好学，少年时父亲去世，由母亲抚养，母亲希望日后他能成为一个对社会有用之才。1855年，门捷列夫毕业于彼得堡师范学院，当过中学化学教师。1859年至1861年在德国海德大学进修，在那里，门捷列夫结识了一大批著名的化学家，有德国的，还有法国、意大利的。他们有关区别原子量与分子量的主张对门捷列夫产生了重大影响。回国后，他在著名的彼得堡大学任教，博学多才的他，讲授的课程妙趣横生，深受学生喜爱。不久他就成为彼得堡大学首屈一指的化学教授。与此同时，他还在研读前人的科学论著，搜集了大量的科学文献资料。
门捷列夫的全英文简介
DmitriMendeleev
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
DimitriMendeleev(Russian:Дми́трийИва́новичМенделе́ев,DimitriyIvanovichMendeleyevlisten(help·info))(8February[O.S.27January]1834inTobolsk–2February[O.S.]1907inSaintPetersburg),wasaRussianchemistandinventor.Heiscreditedasbeingthecreatorofthefirstversionoftheperiodictableofelements.Unlikeothercontributorstothetable,Mendeleevpredictedthepropertiesofelementsyettobediscovered.
Life
DmitriMendeleevwasborninTobolsk,Siberia,RussiaonFebruary8,1834,[1]toIvanPavlovichMendeleevandMariaDmitrievnaMendeleeva(bornKornilieva).HisgrandfatherwasPavelMaximovichSokolov,aRussianpriest.Ivan,alongwithhisbrothers,obtainednewfamilynameswhileattendingTvertheologicalseminary.[2]
Mendeleevwastheyoungestchildof17siblings.[1]Attheageof13,[citationneeded]afterthepassingofhisfatherandthedestructionofhismother'sfactorybyfire,MendeleevattendedtheGymnasiuminTobolsk.
In1849,thenowpoorMendeleevfamilyrelocatedtoSt.Petersburg,whereheenteredtheMainPedagogicalInstitutein1850.Afterhegraduated,anillnessthatwasdiagnosedastuberculosiscausedhimtomovetotheCrimeanPeninsulaonthenortherncoastoftheBlackSeain1855.WhiletherehebecamechiefsciencemasteroftheSimferopolgymnasium№1.HereturnedwithfullyrestoredhealthtoSt.Petersburgin1857.
Between1859and1861,heworkedonthecapillarityofliquidsandtheworkingsofthespectroscopeinHeidelberg.InlateAugustof1861hewrotehisfirstbookonthespectroscopeinwhichitreceivedhighacclaim.In1862,hemarriedFeozvaNikitichnaLeshcheva.MendeleevbecameProfessorofChemistryattheSaintPetersburgTechnologicalInstituteandtheUniversityofSt.Petersburgin1863heachievedtenurein1867,andby1871hadtransformedSt.Petersburgintoaninternationallyrecognizedcenterforchemistryresearch.In1865hebecameDoctorofScienceforhisdissertation"OntheCombinationsofWaterwithAlcohol".In1876,hebecameobsessedwithAnnaIvanovaPopovaandbegancourtingher;in1881heproposedtoherandthreatenedsuicideifsherefused.HisdivorcefromLeshchevawasfinalizedonemonthafterhehadmarriedPopovainearly1882.Evenafterthedivorce,Mendeleevwastechnicallyabigamist;theRussianOrthodoxChurchrequiredatleast7yearsbeforelawfulre-marriage.HisdivorceandthesurroundingcontroversycontributedtohisfailuretobeadmittedtotheRussianAcademyofSciences(despitehisinternationalfamebythattime).Hisdaughterfromhissecondmarriage,Lyubov,becamethewifeofthefamousRussianpoetAlexanderBlok.HisotherchildrenweresonVladimir(asailor,hetookpartinthenotableEasternjourneyofNicholasII)anddaughterOlga,fromhisfirstmarriagetoFeozva,andsonIvanandapairoftwinsfromAnna.
ThoughMendeleevwaswidelyhonoredbyscientificorganizationsalloverEurope,includingtheCopleyMedalfromtheRoyalSocietyofLondon,heresignedfromSt.PetersburgUniversityonAugust17,1890.
In1893,hewasappointedDirectoroftheBureauofWeightsandMeasures.Itwasinthisrolethathewasdirectedtoformulatenewstatestandardsfortheproductionofvodka.Hisfascinationwithmolecularweightsledhimtoconcludethattobeinperfectmolecularbalance,vodkashouldbeproducedintheratioofonemoleculeofethylalcoholdilutedwithfivemoleculesofwater,givingadilutionbyvolumeofapproximately38%alcoholto62%water.Asaresultofhiswork,in1894newstandardsforvodkawereintroducedintoRussianlawandallvodkahadtobeproducedat40%alcoholbyvolume.
Mendeleevalsoinvestigatedthecompositionofoilfields,andhelpedtofoundthefirstoilrefineryinRussia.
Mendeleevdiedin1907inSt.Petersburg,Russiafrominfluenza.TheMendeleevcraterontheMoon,aswellaselementnumber101,theradioactivemendelevium,arenamedafterhim.
Periodictable
OneformofMendeleev'speriodictable,fromthe1stEnglisheditionofhistextbook(1891,basedontheRussian5thedition)
OneformofMendeleev'speriodictable,fromthe1stEnglisheditionofhistextbook(1891,basedontheRussian5thedition)
SculptureinhonorofMendeleevandtheperiodictable,locatedinBratislava,Slovakia
SculptureinhonorofMendeleevandtheperiodictable,locatedinBratislava,Slovakia
Afterbecomingateacher,hewrotethedefinitivetwo-volumetextbookatthattime:PrinciplesofChemistry(1868-1870).Asheattemptedtoclassifytheelementsaccordingtotheirchemicalproperties,henoticedpatternsthatledhimtocreatehisPeriodicTable.
UnknowntoMendeleev,severalotherscientistshadalsobeenworkingontheirowntablesofelements.OnewasJohnNewlands,whopublishedhisLawofOctavesin1865.However,thelackofspacesforundiscoveredelementsandtheplacingoftwoelementsinoneboxwerecriticisedandhisideaswerenotaccepted.AnotherwasLotharMeyer,whopublishedaworkin1864,describing28elements.LikeNewlands,Meyerdidnotseemtohavetheideaofusingatabletopredictnewelements.IncontrasttoNewlands'methodicalapproachtocreatingatable,Mendeleev'swasalmostaccidentalandemergedgradually.
Asabetterunderstandingofatomicmasswasdevelopedandbetterdatabecameavailable,Mendeleevmadeforhimselfthefollowingtable:
Cl35.5K39Ca40
Br80Rb85Sr88
I127Cs133Ba137
Byaddingadditionalelementsfollowingthispattern,hedevelopedhisversionoftheperiodictable.
OnMarch6,1869,MendeleevmadeaformalpresentationtotheRussianChemicalSociety,entitledTheDependencebetweenthePropertiesoftheAtomicWeightsoftheElements,whichdescribedelementsaccordingtobothweightandvalence.Thispresentationstatedthat
1.Theelements,ifarrangedaccordingtotheiratomicmass,exhibitanapparentperiodicityofproperties.
2.Elementswhicharesimilarasregardstotheirchemicalpropertieshaveatomicweightswhichareeitherofnearlythesamevalue(e.g.,Pt,Ir,Os)orwhichincreaseregularly(e.g.,K,Rb,Cs).
3.Thearrangementoftheelementsingroupsofelementsintheorderoftheiratomicweightscorrespondstotheirso-calledvalencies,aswellas,tosomeextent,totheirdistinctivechemicalproperties;asisapparentamongotherseriesinthatofLi,Be,B,C,N,O,andF.
4.Theelementswhicharethemostwidelydiffusedhavesmallatomicweights.
5.Themagnitudeoftheatomicweightdeterminesthecharacteroftheelement,justasthemagnitudeofthemoleculedeterminesthecharacterofacompoundbody.
6.Wemustexpectthediscoveryofmanyyetunknownelements–forexample,twoelements,analogoustoaluminiumandsilicon,whoseatomicweightswouldbebetween65and75.
7.Theatomicweightofanelementmaysometimesbeamendedbyaknowledgeofthoseofitscontiguouselements.Thustheatomicweightoftelluriummustliebetween123and126,andcannotbe128.HereMendeleevwaswrongastheatomicmassoftellurium(127.6)remainshigherthanthatofiodine(126.9).
8.Certaincharacteristicpropertiesofelementscanbeforetoldfromtheiratomicweights.
OnlyafewmonthsafterMendeleevpublishedhisperiodictableofallknownelements(andpredictedseveralnewelementstocompletethetable),Meyerpublishedavirtuallyidenticaltable.SomepeopleconsiderMeyerandMendeleevtheco-creatorsoftheperiodictable,althoughmostagreethatMendeleev'saccuratepredictionofthequalitiesofwhathecalledekasilicon(germanium),ekaaluminium(gallium)andekaboron(scandium)qualifieshimfordeservingthemajorityofthecreditforstudies.
Asothersbeforehimhaddone,hequestionedtheaccuracyofacceptedatomicweights,pointingoutthattheydidnotcorrespondtothosepredictedbythePeriodicLaw.Henotedthattelluriumhasahigheratomicweightthaniodine,butheplacedtheminthecorrectorder,assumingthattheacceptedatomicweightsatthetimewereincorrect.Hewaspuzzledaboutwheretoputtheknownlanthanides,andpredictedtheexistenceofanotherrowtothetable,theactinides,whichweresomeoftheheaviestinatomicmass.
Initially,Mendeleevwasderidedfortherebeinggapsinthetable.Ultimatelythough,hewasvindicatedwhenpreviouslyunknownelements(notablyscandium,galliumandgermanium)werediscoveredthatfilledintheseholesandpossessedproperties(atomicweight,density,meltingpoint,etc.)closetowhatMendeleevpredicted.[3]
HenryMoseleywouldlaterhelpputtheperiodictableonthecorrectbasisofatomnumberratherthanatomicweight.
Otherachievements
Mendeleevmadeotherimportantcontributionstochemistry.TheRussianchemistandsciencehistorianL.A.Tchugayevhascharacterizedhimas"achemistofgenius,first-classphysicist,afruitfulresearcherinthefieldsofhydrodynamics,meteorology,geology,certainbranchesofchemicaltechnology(explosives,petroleum,andfuels,forexample)andotherdisciplinesadjacenttochemistryandphysics,athoroughexpertofchemicalindustryandindustryingeneral,andanoriginalthinkerinthefieldofeconomy."Mendeleevwasoneofthefounders,in1869,oftheRussianChemicalSociety.Heworkedonthetheoryandpracticeofprotectionisttradeandonagriculture.
InanattemptatachemicalconceptionoftheAether,heputforwardahypothesisthatthereexistedtwoinertchemicalelementsoflesseratomicweightthanhydrogen.Ofthesetwoproposedelements,hethoughtthelightertobeanall-penetrating,all-pervasivegas,andtheslightlyheavieronetobeaproposedelement,coronium.
Mendeleevdevotedmuchstudyandmadeimportantcontributionstothedeterminationofthenatureofsuchindefinitecompoundsassolutions.
MendeleevMedal
MendeleevMedal
Inanotherdepartmentofphysicalchemistry,heinvestigatedtheexpansionofliquidswithheat,anddevisedaformulasimilartoGay-Lussac'slawoftheuniformityoftheexpansionofgases,whileasfarbackas1861heanticipatedThomasAndrews'conceptionofthecriticaltemperatureofgasesbydefiningtheabsoluteboiling-pointofasubstanceasthetemperatureatwhichcohesionandheatofvaporizationbecomeequaltozeroandtheliquidchangestovapor,irrespectiveofthepressureandvolume.
MendeleevisgivencreditfortheintroductionofthemetricsystemtotheRussianEmpire.
Heinventedpyrocollodion,akindofsmokelesspowderbasedonnitrocellulose.ThisworkhadbeencommissionedbytheRussianNavy,whichhoweverdidnotadoptitsuse.In1892Mendeleevorganizeditsmanufacture.
Mendeleevstudiedpetroleumoriginandconcludedthathydrocarbonsareabiogenicandformdeepwithintheearth.Hewrote:"Thecapitalfacttonoteisthatpetroleumwasborninthedepthsoftheearth,anditisonlytherethatwemustseekitsorigin."(DmitriMendeleev,1877)[4]
门捷列夫生平有哪些简介
德米特里·伊万诺维奇·门捷列夫1834年1月生于西伯利亚，在有十七个子女的庞大家庭中，门捷列夫排行十四。他出生刚数月，父亲便因双目失明而丢掉了中学校长的职务。微薄的退休金难以维持生计，父亲不得已举家搬进了附近的一个村子，在那里的一个小型玻璃厂工作。玻璃厂里面熔炼和加工的场景，对日后门捷列夫从事化学研究产生了很大的影响。在母亲的帮助下门捷列夫于1854年大学毕业，并荣获学院的金质奖章，23岁成为副教授，31岁成为教授。
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