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最近很多小伙伴在找定语从句的语法的相关内容,以及不定式短语作后置定语的用法对应的知识点,劳动晚报小编为大家整理一下《定语从句的语法》的相关资讯,另外还找了一部分有关《不定式短语作后置定语的用法》的内容,文章篇幅比较长,希望对大家有帮助!
本文目录一览:
- 1、定语从句的语法结构是怎样的?
- 2、定语从句语法知识点汇总
- 3、定语从句语法总结内容是什么?
- 4、定语从句语法
- 5、定语从句的用法讲解
- 6、定语从句语法规则
定语从句的语法结构是怎样的?
定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。
(序)
1 定语可以由形容词,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任.
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句.
2 定语从句用来修饰名词,代词或整个主句.
3 定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
4 定语从句存在的条件:先行词+关系词(有的版本作关联词)+从句
(一) 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
(二)非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.
人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.
我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left.
刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物.
(三)关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class>
定语从句语法总结内容是什么?
定语从句语法总结有:修饰某一句中的名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。被修饰的词称为先行词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系词常有3个作用:引导定语从句;代替先行词;在定语从句中担当一个成分等。
1.that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。
3.who,whom用于指人,who用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。
从句结构:
定语从句公式:定语从句=先行词+关系词+从句。
先行词:指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词或句子。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。
关系词:关系词常有3个作用:
①连接作用,连接主句和定语从句。
②指代先行词。
③在定语从句中担当成分。
定语从句语法
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,定语从句分为限制性和非限制性从句两种。定语从句的基本结构为:先行词+关系代词或关系副词+从句本身。, 一、关系代词与关系副词 , 1、关系代词 , 在定语从句中,能作关系代词的有which、that、who/whom。 ,(1) which/that指物 ,例:The book which/that you borrowed me yesterday is interesting. 你昨天借给我的书很有意思。,(2) who/that指人 ,例:He is the man who/that lives next door.他是住在隔壁的那个人。,注意:关系代词在从句中作 宾语 时,which/that保持不变,who变为whom。,例:We wondered whom the book was about. 我们想知道这本书是关于谁的。, , 2、关系副词 , 在定语从句中,能作关系副词的有why(表原因)、where(表地点)、when(表时间)。 ,例:This is the reason why I was late this morning. 这就是我今天早上迟到的原因。, This is the town where he was born.这是他出生的小镇。, Tom got married in 2000 when he was 24 years old. 2000年汤姆结婚了,当时他24岁。,注意:千万不要看见前面是原因、地点、时间就用why、where、when这些关系副词,关键要看它们在从句中起名词还是副词的作用。,请看下面的例题:,This is the reason ______ I was late this morning.,This is the reason ______ I told you.,第一句中,the reason用来修饰迟到这个 动词 ,表示早上迟到的原因(I was late because…),因此它起到 副词 的作用,要用 why 。,而第二句中,the reason 是told的 宾语 (I told you the reason),起 名词 的作用,因此要用 which/that 。, , 二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 , 1、结构上的区别 ,限制性定语从句不用 逗号 与主句隔开,例:I have a sister who is a doctor.(限制性定语从句)我有一个当医生的姐姐。,非限制性定语从句需使用 逗号 和主句隔开。,例:I have a sister, who is a doctor.(非限制性定语从句)我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。, 2、意义及功能上的区别 ,限制性定语从句修饰和限 制先行词 ,明确先行词内容,是先行词 不可缺少 的定语。如果删去,会影响主句意义的完整。,例:I have an elder brother who is a teacher.(限制性定语从句)我有一个当老师的哥哥。,(但我可能还有做其他工作的哥哥。删去该从句后,句子的整体含义发生了变化:I have an elder brother. 这句话的就意味着我只有一个哥哥了。),非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加 补充说明 。如果删去,不会影响主句意义的完整。,例:I have an elder brother, who is a teacher.(非限制性定语从句)我有一个哥哥,他是当老师的。,(删去该从句后不影响句子的整体含义:I have an elder brother.),从以上两句句子中也可以看出限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的译法也有所不同。,一般限制性定语从句会翻译成先行词的定语“…的”,而非限制性定语从句通常翻译成主句的并列句。, 3、先行词的内容区别 ,大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句或是主句中的某些内容,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。,例:A four-year-old boy can speak o foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.(非限制性定语从句),一个四岁男孩会讲两门外语,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。(令人惊讶的是“一个四岁男孩会讲两门外语”这件事,先行词为整个主句,所以应由which 引导非限制性定语从句。), 4、关系词使用上的区别 , 4.1 在限制性定语从句中,当关系词做宾语时可以省略。但在非限制性定语从句中,关系词是不可省略的。 , 例:Is this the magazine (that) she wants?(限制性定语从句)这是她想要的杂志吗?, 例:The man returned home with the magazine, which he had bought in a bookstore.(非限制性定语从句)男人带着杂志回家了,这杂志是他在书店买的。, 4.2 非限制性定语从句中不能使用关系代词that或why ,例:Tennis, which is the best summer game, can be played by o or four players.(非限制性定语从句)网球是最好的夏日运动,可以有两个或四个人一起玩。,这句话不可以写成:Tennis, that is the best summer game, can be played by o or four players. 在语法上是错误的。, 4.3 在限制性定语从句中有时可用who代替whom,但是在非限制性定语从句中不可以用who代替whom ,例:He is the only doctor who/whom I can turn to for help.(限制性定语从句)他是我唯一能求助的医生了。(关系词作宾语时可用who代替whom),例:He is a warm-hearted doctor, to whom I can turn for help.(非限制性定语从句)他是个好心的医生,我可以向他求助。, 5、 在非限制性定语从句中,“介词+关系代词”结构前可以使用all、both、most、some等词,与of which/whom搭配。 ,例:Her daughters, both of whom studied abroad, wrote to her once every o weeks.(她的两个女儿在国外读书,她们每两周给她写封信。), 6、as引导非限制性定语从句 ,as作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句,对其进行说明,有“正如……,就像……”之意。,通常用于as we all know、as is said above、as is often the case等句式中。,as在非限制性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,引出的从句位置比较灵活,可位于句首或句末,也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。,例:As was often the case, he fot to bring the book. (他忘了带书,这很寻常。)=He fot to bring the book, as was often the case. ,以上就是定语从句的主要用法和解释。
定语从句的用法讲解
定语从句是高中英语的重要语法项目之一,它的结构和用法比较复杂。我们应从哪些方面有效地复习定语从句呢?下面就是我给大家带来的定语从句的用法讲解,希望大家喜欢!
[定语从句的种类]
定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是 句子 不可缺少的部分,如去掉主句意思就不完整或失去意义;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉也不会影响主句的意思。它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,一般不用that引导,关系词不可省略。如:
This is the book that I want to read. (限制性)
Tom’s father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist. (非限制性)
非限制性定语从句的先行词成分可以是整个主句,非限制性定语从句常用which引导,修饰整个句子。定语从句的谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所指代的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
在定语从句中,who和that既可作主语又可作宾语,whom只可作宾语(作宾语时可以省略)。如:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who/that在从句中作主语)
The man (whom/who/that) you spoke to just now is our English teacher. (whom/who/that在从句中作宾语,可省略)
[whose]
在定语从句中作定语,可用来指人或物,表示物时相当于“the+名词+of+which”或“of+which+the+名词”。如:John, whose wife is ill, can’t come to the party.
[which that]
which和that指代的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词,在定语从句中可作主语、宾语等。如:
Please show me the radio that/which you have just bought. (that/which在从句中作宾语,可省略)
This is the film that/which created a great sensation. (that/which在从句中作主语)
只能用that而不能用which的情况:
1. 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。如:This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used.
2. 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。如:The first thing that we should do is to get some food.
3. 当先行词是anything, everything, nothing, something, few, all, none, little, some等不定代词时,或是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时。如:Tom told his father all that had happened.
There is little that I can do for you.
4. 先行词既有人又有物时。如:They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.
5. 先行词被the only,the very,the right等修饰时。如:This is the very book that I want to have.
6. 在which,who,whom引起的问句中,为避免重复。如:Who is the girl that talked to you yesterday?
7. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。如:China is not the country that it was.
只能用which,不能用that的情况:
1. 在非限制性定语从句中。如:Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long histroy.
2. 在介词后面,即“介词+which(指物)”。如:This is the house in which we lived three years ago.
[as]
关系代词as代替的先行词是人或物的名词, 在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。
as引导限制性定语从句时,常和such, the same, as(so)连用, 构成such ... as, the same ... as, as/so ... as等结构,在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。如:
Don’t trust such men as praise you to your face. (在定语从句中作主语)
I have the same trouble as you have. (在定语从句作宾语)
It’s as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. (在定语从句作宾语)
但是当先行词被the same修饰时,that也可以引导定语从句,但意义有所不同。the same ... as(指同样或同类的), the same ... that(指同一个)。例如:
This is the same watch as I lost.
This is the same watch that I lost.
as也可单独使用,引导非限制性定语从句,修饰整个主句或主句中的一部分,放在句首、句中或句末。如:
As is known to us all, smoking is harmful to one’s health. (指代整个主句,在从句中做主语)
He is late, as is often the case. (指代整个主句,在从句中做主语)
Light, as everybody knows, travels much faster than sound. (指代整个主句,在从句中做宾语)
as和which作关系代词的用法比较:
which引导的非限定性定语从句只能放在主句之后,which指代前面的一个句子或主句中的某一成分;as引导的非限定性定语从句能放在主句之前、中、后,既可指前面已经提到的情况,也可指后面提到的情况。
as引导从句时,有“为人所熟知”的含义,which则没有这层意思。as引导的从句往往表示的是一种附加说明,which引导的从句一般是较为重要的陈述。如:
His mother is ill, which makes him very sad.
As is expected, the England team won the football match.
[关系副词引导的定语从句]
关系副词when, where, why可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语, 相当于“介词+which”结构。例如:
I’ll never forget the time when/during which we worked in the factory.
This is the village where /in which he was born.
I don’t know the reason why/for which she looks unhappy today.
[判定用关系代词还是用关系副词]
关系代词与关系副词的选用,应看先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分:若作主语、宾语或定语,则用关系代词who,whom,that,which,whose,as等;若作状语, 就用where, when, why等关系副词。如:
The reason why I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Sunday. (状语)
The reason that/which he gave us sounded reasonable. (宾语)
Pisa is a city, which has a leaning tower. (主语)
Pisa is a city, where there is a leaning tower. (状语)
[介词+关系代词]
当关系代词作介词宾语时,就出现了“介词+关系代词”的结构引导定语从句的现象。当先行词指物时用“介词+which”,指人时用“介词+whom”,且关系代词不能省略。而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题:
1. 介词的确定可以根据整个句意来确定。
Oxygen is a kind of gas, without which we couldn’t live.
2. 介词可以根据与先行词的搭配来确定。
He gave me the book for which he paid a lot of money. (动词与介词搭配)
1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded. (名词与介词搭配)
The snake, of which she used to be afraid, is her favorite animal now. (形容词与介词搭配)
定语从句的用法讲解相关 文章 :
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2. 定语从句中关系词的用法讲解
3. 英语定语从句的用法
4. 英语数词的分类和用法
5. 高中英语语法知识总结:定语从句
6. 考点初中英语定语从句的用法
7. 非限制性定语从句的用法讲解
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定语从句语法规则
英语基础语法——定语从句
■有关定语从句的概念
(1)定语从句:就是在复合句里充当定语的从句,它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。
(2)先行词:就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3)关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等;关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连接作用,而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分,关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等,关系副词作状语。如:
This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。
说明:句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句;被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词;代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。
The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。
说明:句中when he arrives是定语从句,被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词,关系副词when作时间状语。
■关系代词的一般用法
先行词是人,在从句中作主语用who,作宾语用whom或who,作定语用whose;先行词是物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which,作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。
This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)
The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语,可以省略)
I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩,他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。(作主语)
This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语,可以省略)
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。
■关系副词的一般用法
关系副词有when, where, why,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词;where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词;why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词+which”代替,why可用for which代替。如:
There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
注意:先行词虽然是时间或地点,但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时,要用关系代词。
(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)
比较:The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)
(2) I’ll never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)
比较:I’ll never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)
(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语,用关系副词)
比较:The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语,用关系代词)
■习惯上要用that引导的定语从句
(1)当先行词是指物的`all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时,或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。
All that can be done has been done. 能做的都已经做了。
He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。
There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。
(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时,或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very 等修饰时。
This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。
This is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是用来防止污染的最好办法。
This is the very book that I am looking for. 这正是我一直在寻找的那本书。
(3)先行词包括人和物时(from )。
They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. 他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。
(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,为了避免重复,多用that引导。如:
Which is the house that caught fire last night? 昨晚失火的是那座房子?
Who is the lady that is playing the piano? 在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁?
■习惯上不用that引导的定语从句
(1)在非限制性定语从句中,不以能用that引导。
Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. 昨天我碰到了玛丽,她显得非常兴奋。
(2)直接在介词后作宾语时,不能用that引导,要用whom, whose或which,且不能省略。
The house in which we live is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。
I know the young man with whom you live. 我认识和你住在一起的那个年青人。
但当介词放在从句的末尾时,可以用that替代which, who替代whom,也可以省略关系代词。如:
The house (which/that) we live in is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。
I know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. 我认识和你住在一起的那个人。
(3)当先行词是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, people 等时,多用 who。如:
None so blind as those who won't see. 睁眼不看事实的人眼最瞎。
Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。
I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一个人,他说认识你。
He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. (谚)欲加之罪,何患无辞。
(4)当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时(from )。
I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 有位新校长明天来,他将教你们德语。
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