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- 1、高中英语语法全解——倒装
- 2、as倒装句的用法：as / though引导的倒装句
1、高中英语语法全解——倒装
谓语或谓语的一部分放在主语之前的语法现象，就称之为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为完全倒装和部分倒装两大类。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而而后者仅指助动词、情态动词或be动词等置于主语之前。
一. 完全倒装
完全倒装又可称为全部倒装。完全倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
（1）here，there，now，then，thus等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be，come，go，lie，run等表示来去或状态的动词。
例如：
Then came the teacher. 那时老师来了。
Here is your letter. 你的信。
（2）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
例如：Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老大妈。
注意：上述全部倒装句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
例如：Here he comes. 他来了。
Away they went. 他们走开了。
二. 部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装放到主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
（1）句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until…等。
例如：
Never have I seen such a performance.
从未见过如此糟糕的表演。
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
母亲一直到孩子入睡后才离开房间。
（2）当Not until位于句首时,句子要倒装。其结构为：Not until+从句状语从句或表时间的词语+助动词主句主语+谓语+...
例如：
Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.
直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。
Not until next week will the sports meet be held.
直到下周才开运动会。
典型例题
1. Why can’t I smoke here?
At no time ______ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permittedB. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permittedD. does smoking permit
答案A。这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,not only,not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2. Not until the early years of the 19th century ______ what heat is.
A. man did knowB. man know
C. didn’t man knowD. did man know
答案D。看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C、D中选一个。该句的正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 如果将not和until提到句子前时，就用倒装句。
三. 以否定词开头作部分倒装
如有结构：Not only…but also, Hardly / Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等，要用倒装句。
例如：
Not only did he refuse the gift, but also he severely criticized the sender.
他不但没有收下礼物，而且还狠狠地批评了送礼的人。
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
她刚出门，就有个学生来访。
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
她刚出门，就有个学生来访。
典型例题
No sooner ______ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game beganB. has the game begun
C. did the game beginD. had the game begun
答案D。具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句（谓语前置）。这类表示否定意义的词有never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,以及not only…but(also),no sooner…than,hardly…when，scarcely…when等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，第一个分句才用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only…but also只连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如：Not only you but also I am fond of music。
四. so, neither, nor作部分倒装
用这些词表示“也”、“也不”的句子要部分倒装。
例如：
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。
If you won’t go, neither will I.
你不去，我也不去。
典型例题
— Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
— I don’t know, _____.
A. nor don’t I careB. nor do I care
C. I don’t care neitherD. I don’t care also
答案：B。nor为增补意思“也不关心”，因此句子应倒装。A答案中错在用don’t再次否定，C答案中neither用法不对，且缺乏连词。D答案缺乏连词。
注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。
例如：
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。
— It’s raining hard. 雨下得真大
— So it is.。是呀。
五. only在句首倒装的情况
例如：
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
只有这样，你才能学好英语。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
叫了三次，他才来参加会议。
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。
例如：
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.
病得很重时，他才卧床休息。
六. as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引起的倒装分三种情况：表语、动词原形及状语的倒装。
（1）表语的倒装
一般直接将表语提前到句首，若表语是带不定冠词a / an的单数可数名词，倒装后，不定冠词a / an须被省略。如：
Fine as / though he looks, he is ill with some serious diseases.
Child as / though he is, he knows much about the society.
（2）原形动词的倒装
A. 动词前面带有情态动词may,might,will,would,can,could等时，只将行为动词提到句首，而这些情态动词保留在原处。
B. 若动词前面没有情态动词时，应在动词原来的位置加上助动词do的适当形式。
C. 用于这一句型的动词一般是不及物动词，而不能是系动词或及物动词。如：
Swim as / though he can, he can’t swim so far. 尽管他会游泳，但是他游得不那么远。
Run as / though he did, he didn’t run fast enough to catch the bus. 虽然他跑，但是他跑得不够快而没有赶上汽车。
（3）状语倒装
In the classroom as / though he stays, he doesn’t read his texts. 尽管他待在教室里，但他不读书。
Carefully as / though he worked, he made some mistakes. 尽管他工作很细心，但还是出了一些差错。
七. 其他部分倒装
（1）so… that句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装。
例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
他害怕得很，动也不敢动。
（2）在某些表示祝愿的句型中。
例如：
May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐。
（3）在虚拟语气条件句中，从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将if 省略，把were,had,should移到主语之前，用部分倒装形式。
例如：
Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的话，就再试一次。
典型例题：
1. Not until the early years of the 20th century ______ what a computer is.
A. man did knowB. man knewC. didn’t man knowD. did man know
答案为D。否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2. Not until I began to work ______ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn’t I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn't realizeD. I realize
答案为B。
3. Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don’t know, ______.
A. nor don’t I careB. nor do I care
C. I don’t care neitherD. I don’t care also
答案为B。句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示“也不”。由so,neither,nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中,so用于肯定句,而neither,nor用在否定句中。
2、as倒装句的用法：as / though引导的倒装句
as / though引导的倒装句
As/ though 引导让步状语从句倒装的用法
一、名词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
King as he was，he was unhappy. 他虽是国王，但他并不幸福。
Child as he is，he knows to help other. 他虽是个孩子，却知道帮助别人。
【说明】其中的动词通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的名词是其后连系动词的表语。另外，要特别注意位于句首的名词前习惯上不用冠词，即使其前有形容词修饰也不用冠词。
比较：Boy as ［though］ he is， he likes to play with girls.=Though he is a boy，he likes to play with girls. 他虽是男孩，却喜欢与女孩子玩。
Strong man as ［though］ he is，General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks.= Though he is a strong man， General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks. 波赛将军虽然坚强，但在过去的数周里也受到了严峻的考验。
二、形容词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Successful as he is，he is not proud. 他虽然成功，但不骄傲。
Improbable as it seems，it’s true. 虽然看起来不太可能，但却是真的。
Stupid as it sounds，I was so in love with her that I believed her. 尽管听起来很愚蠢，我是如此爱她竟然相信了她的话。
Patient as he was，he didn’t like waiting that long. 他虽说有耐心，也不愿等这么长。
Beautiful though the necklace was，we thought it was over-priced. 那条项链虽然很漂亮，我们认为价钱太高。
【说明】其中的动词也通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的形容词是其后连系动词的表语。
三、副词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Much as I like Paris，I couldn’t live there. 尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。
Hard though they tried，they couldn’t make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。
Fast as you read， you can’t finish the book in two days. 尽管你读得很快，你总不能在两天之内就读完这本书。
He was unable to make much progress，hard as he tried. 尽管他做了努力，却未能取得很大进步。
【说明】有的.词典将 much as 作为习语看待，认为它是一个用以引导让步状语从句的复合连词。再如：Much as I admire him as a writer，I do not like him as a man. 他作为一名作家我很佩服他，但我却不喜欢他这个人。Much as I like you，I couldn’t live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你，却不能和你在一起生活。
四、动词原形 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Object as you may，I’ll go.纵使你反对，我也要去。
Try as he might，he couldn’t solve the problem. 尽管他想方设法，却未解决这个问题。
Search as they would，they would find nobody in the house. 无论怎样搜查，他们在房子里仍然没有找到一个人。
Dislike him as we may，we must acknowledge his greatness. 尽管我们不喜欢他，但必须承认他的伟大。
Lose money as I did，we got a lot of experience. 钱虽然丢了，我们却得到了许多经验。
Fail in the election as he did，he became famous for his fiery speech against slavery. 尽管落选了，但他却以其反对奴隶制的激烈演说而出了名。
【说明】主语后的动词通常为 may，might，would，did 等情态动词或助动词(若表示情态意义，则选用情态动词；若陈述事实，则用 did，do 等助动词)。
五、分词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Raining hard as it is， I’m going out for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨，我还是要出去散步。
Surrounded as we were by the enemy，we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着，但我们还是设法前进了。
Munching the apple as he was，he had got an eye for all John’s movements. 他尽管在一个劲地嚼着苹果，但仍警惕着约翰的一举一动。
as / though引导的倒装句
As/ though 引导让步状语从句倒装的用法
一、名词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
King as he was，he was unhappy. 他虽是国王，但他并不幸福。
Child as he is，he knows to help other. 他虽是个孩子，却知道帮助别人。
【说明】其中的动词通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的名词是其后连系动词的表语。另外，要特别注意位于句首的名词前习惯上不用冠词，即使其前有形容词修饰也不用冠词。
比较：Boy as ［though］ he is， he likes to play with girls.=Though he is a boy，he likes to play with girls. 他虽是男孩，却喜欢与女孩子玩。
Strong man as ［though］ he is，General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks.= Though he is a strong man， General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks. 波赛将军虽然坚强，但在过去的数周里也受到了严峻的考验。
二、形容词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Successful as he is，he is not proud. 他虽然成功，但不骄傲。
Improbable as it seems，it’s true. 虽然看起来不太可能，但却是真的。
Stupid as it sounds，I was so in love with her that I believed her. 尽管听起来很愚蠢，我是如此爱她竟然相信了她的话。
Patient as he was，he didn’t like waiting that long. 他虽说有耐心，也不愿等这么长。
Beautiful though the necklace was，we thought it was over-priced. 那条项链虽然很漂亮，我们认为价钱太高。
【说明】其中的动词也通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的形容词是其后连系动词的表语。
三、副词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Much as I like Paris，I couldn’t live there. 尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。
Hard though they tried，they couldn’t make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。
Fast as you read， you can’t finish the book in two days. 尽管你读得很快，你总不能在两天之内就读完这本书。
He was unable to make much progress，hard as he tried. 尽管他做了努力，却未能取得很大进步。
【说明】有的.词典将 much as 作为习语看待，认为它是一个用以引导让步状语从句的复合连词。再如：Much as I admire him as a writer，I do not like him as a man. 他作为一名作家我很佩服他，但我却不喜欢他这个人。Much as I like you，I couldn’t live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你，却不能和你在一起生活。
四、动词原形 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Object as you may，I’ll go.纵使你反对，我也要去。
Try as he might，he couldn’t solve the problem. 尽管他想方设法，却未解决这个问题。
Search as they would，they would find nobody in the house. 无论怎样搜查，他们在房子里仍然没有找到一个人。
Dislike him as we may，we must acknowledge his greatness. 尽管我们不喜欢他，但必须承认他的伟大。
Lose money as I did，we got a lot of experience. 钱虽然丢了，我们却得到了许多经验。
Fail in the election as he did，he became famous for his fiery speech against slavery. 尽管落选了，但他却以其反对奴隶制的激烈演说而出了名。
【说明】主语后的动词通常为 may，might，would，did 等情态动词或助动词(若表示情态意义，则选用情态动词；若陈述事实，则用 did，do 等助动词)。
五、分词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Raining hard as it is， I’m going out for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨，我还是要出去散步。
Surrounded as we were by the enemy，we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着，但我们还是设法前进了。
Munching the apple as he was，he had got an eye for all John’s movements. 他尽管在一个劲地嚼着苹果，但仍警惕着约翰的一举一动。
as / though引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
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