behave造句，用英语单词behave（美国的霸权霸道霸凌及其危害）

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4、美国的霸权霸道霸凌及其危害

美国的霸权霸道霸凌及其危害

US Hegemony and Its Perils

2023年2月

February 2023

目录
Contents

序言
Introduction

一、肆意妄为的政治霸权
I. Political Hegemony -- Throwing Its Weight Around

二、穷兵黩武的军事霸权
II. Military Hegemony -- Wanton Use of Force

三、巧取豪夺的经济霸权
III. Economic Hegemony -- Looting and Exploitation

四、垄断打压的科技霸权
IV. Technological Hegemony -- Monopoly and Suppression

五、蛊惑人心的文化霸权
V. Cultural Hegemony -- Spreading False Narratives

结束语

Conclusion

序言
Introduction

美国在经历两次世界大战和冷战成为全球头号强国后，更加肆无忌惮，粗暴干涉别国内政，谋求霸权、维护霸权、滥用霸权，大搞颠覆渗透，动辄发动战争，贻害国际社会。

Since becoming the world's most powerful country after the two world wars and the Cold War, the United States has acted more boldly to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, pursue, maintain and abuse hegemony, advance subversion and infiltration, and willfully wage wars, bringing harm to the international community.

美国惯于打着民主、自由、人权的幌子，发动颜色革命，挑唆地区争端，甚至直接发动战争。美国固守冷战思维，大搞集团政治，挑动对立对抗。美国泛化国家安全，滥用出口管制，强推单边制裁。美国对国际法和国际规则合则用，不合则弃、则废，打着“基于规则的国际秩序”旗号，谋着维护自身“家法帮规”的私利。

The United States has developed a hegemonic playbook to stage "color revolutions," instigate regional disputes, and even directly launch wars under the guise of promoting democracy, freedom and human rights. Clinging to the Cold War mentality, the United States has ramped up bloc politics and stoked conflict and confrontation. It has overstretched the concept of national security, abused export controls and forced unilateral sanctions upon others. It has taken a selective approach to international law and rules, utilizing or discarding them as it sees fit, and has sought to impose rules that serve its own interests in the name of upholding a "rules-based international order."

本报告重在通过列举事实，揭露美国滥用政治军事、经济金融、科技文化霸权的种种恶行劣迹，让国际社会进一步看清美方做法对世界和平稳定和各国民生福祉带来的严重危害。

This report, by presenting the relevant facts, seeks to expose the US abuse of hegemony in the political, military, economic, financial, technological and cultural fields, and to draw greater international attention to the perils of the US practices to world peace and stability and the well-being of all peoples.

一、肆意妄为的政治霸权
I. Political Hegemony -- Throwing Its Weight Around

美国长期打着所谓民主和人权旗号，企图按照美国的价值观和政治制度塑造其他国家和世界秩序。
The United States has long been attempting to mold other countries and the world order with its own values and political system in the name of promoting democracy and human rights.

◆美国干涉他国内政的例子比比皆是，借“推广民主”之名在拉美推行“新门罗主义”，在欧亚煽动“颜色革命”，在西亚北非策动“阿拉伯之春”，给多国带来混乱和灾难。
Instances of US interference in other countries' internal affairs abound. In the name of "promoting democracy," the United States practiced a "Neo-Monroe Doctrine" in Latin America, instigated "color revolutions" in Eurasia, and orchestrated the "Arab Spring" in West Asia and North Africa, bringing chaos and disaster to many countries.

1823年，美国发表“门罗宣言”，讲的是“美洲是美洲人的美洲”，想的却是“美洲是美国人的美洲”，此后历届政府对拉美和加勒比地区的政策都是政治干涉、军事介入和政权颠覆。无论是敌视封锁古巴61年，还是颠覆智利阿连德政府，都是“顺我者昌，逆我者亡”。
In 1823, the United States announced the Monroe Doctrine. While touting an "America for the Americans," what it truly wanted was an "America for the United States."

Since then, the policies of successive US governments toward Latin America and the Caribbean Region have been riddled with political interference, military intervention and regime subversion. From its 61-year hostility toward and blockade of Cuba to its overthrow of the Allende government of Chile, US policy>二、穷兵黩武的军事霸权

II. Military Hegemony -- Wanton Use of Force

美国的历史，充斥着暴力和扩张。1776年独立以来美国动用武力不断扩张，屠杀印第安人，入侵加拿大，发动美墨战争，策动美西战争，吞并夏威夷。第二次世界大战后，挑起或发动朝鲜战争、越南战争、海湾战争、科索沃战争、阿富汗战争、伊拉克战争、利比亚战争、叙利亚战争，用军事霸权为扩张开路。近年年均军事预算7000多亿美元，占世界军费总支出的40%，超过第2名到第16名国家的总和。美国目前在海外有约800个军事基地，在159个国家驻扎了17.3万人的军队。
The history of the United States is characterized by violence and expansion. Since it gained independence in 1776, the United States has constantly sought expansion by force: it slaughtered Indians, invaded Canada, waged a war against Mexico, instigated the American-Spanish War, and annexed Hawaii. After World War II, the wars either provoked or launched by the United States included the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, the War in Afghanistan, the Iraq War, the Libyan War and the Syrian War, abusing its military hegemony to pave the way for expansionist objectives. In recent years, the US average annual military budget has exceeded 700 billion US dollars, accounting for 40 percent of the world's total, more than the 15 countries behind it combined. The United States has about 800 overseas military bases, with 173,000 troops deployed in 159 countries.

《美国侵略：我们是如何入侵或军事干预地球上几乎每一个国家的》一书指出，在联合国承认的190多个国家中，只有3个国家没与美国打过仗或受其军事干预。这3个国家能够“幸免于难”，是因为美国没有在地图上发现它们。
According to the book America Invades: How We've Invaded or been Militarily Involved with almost Every Country>三、巧取豪夺的经济霸权

III. Economic Hegemony -- Looting and Exploitation

第二次世界大战后，美国主导建立布雷顿森林体系、国际货币基金组织和世界银行，与马歇尔计划共同确立起以美元为核心的国际货币体系。美国还利用加权投票制、重大事项85%以上多数通过等国际组织规则安排以及一系列国内贸易法规，建立起国际经济金融领域的制度性霸权。借助美元的主要国际储备货币地位向全世界收取“铸币税”，利用对国际组织的控制，胁迫他国服务美国政治经济战略。

After World War II, the United States led efforts to set up the Bretton Woods System, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, which, together with the Marshall Plan, formed the international monetary system centered around the US dollar. In addition, the United States has also established institutional hegemony in the international economic and financial sector by manipulating the weighted voting systems, rules and arrangements of international organizations including "approval by 85 percent majority," and its domestic trade laws and regulations. By taking advantage of the dollar's status as the major international reserve currency, the United States is basically collecting "seigniorage" from around the world; and using its control over international organizations, it coerces other countries into serving America's political and economic strategy.

◆美国利用“铸币税”攫取全世界财富。凭借一张成本仅约17美分的百元美钞，让其他国家实实在在地向美国提供价值相当于100美元的商品和服务。法国前总统戴高乐半个多世纪前就曾指出，“美国享受着美元所创造的超级特权和不流眼泪的赤字，她用一钱不值的废纸去掠夺其他民族的资源和工厂”。

The United States exploits the world's wealth with the help of "seigniorage." It costs>

◆美元霸权是世界经济不稳定性和不确定性的主要根源。新冠疫情背景下，美国滥用全球金融霸权，向全球市场注入数万亿美元，而买单的却是其他国家特别是新兴经济体。2022年，美联储结束超宽松货币政策，转向激进加息政策，导致国际金融市场动荡，欧元等多种货币大幅贬值，创下20年来新低，许多发展中国家因此遭遇严重通货膨胀、本币贬值和资本外流。尼克松政府财政部长康纳利曾得意洋洋但又一针见血地指出，“美元是我们的货币，却是你们的麻烦”。

The hegemony of US dollar is the main source of instability and uncertainty in the world economy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States abused its global financial hegemony and injected trillions of dollars into the global market, leaving other countries, especially emerging economies, to pay the price. In 2022, the Fed ended its ultra-easy monetary policy and turned to aggressive interest rate hike, causing turmoil in the international financial market and substantial depreciation of other currencies such as the Euro, many of which dropped to a 20-year low. As a result, a large number of developing countries were challenged by high inflation, currency depreciation and capital outflows. This was exactly what Nixon's secretary of the treasury John Connally>

◆美国操纵国际经济金融组织，在援助他国时施加附带条款。要求受援国推行金融自由化、加大金融市场开放，使受援国经济政策符合美国战略，为美国资本渗透和投机减少阻碍。《国际政治经济学评论》统计，1985年至2014年，国际货币基金组织向131个成员国实施了1550个债务援助项目，附带了55465项附加政治条款。

With its control over international economic and financial organizations, the United States imposes additional conditions to their assistance to other countries. In order to reduce obstacles to US capital inflow and speculation, the recipient countries are required to advance financial liberalization and open up financial markets so that their economic policies would fall in line with America's strategy. According to the Review of International Political Economy, along with the 1,550 debt relief programs extended by the IMF to its 131 member countries from 1985 to 2014, as many as 55,465 additional political conditions had been attached.

◆美国擅用经济胁迫手段打压对手。20世纪80年代，美国为消除日本经济威胁，控制并利用日本为美国对抗苏联和称霸世界战略目标服务，再次施展霸权主义金融外交，与日本签订“广场协议”，逼迫日元升值，开放金融市场，改革金融体制。“广场协议”沉重打击了日本经济的元气，日本此后进入“失去的三十年”。

The United States willfully suppresses its opponents with economic coercion. In the 1980s, to eliminate the economic threat posed by Japan, and to control and use the latter in service of America's strategic goal of confronting the Soviet Union and dominating the world, the United States leveraged its hegemonic financial power against Japan, and concluded the Plaza Accord. As a result, Yen was pushed up, and Japan was pressed to open up its financial market and reform its financial system. The Plaza Accord dealt a heavy blow to the growth momentum of the Japanese economy, leaving Japan to what was later called "three lost decades."

◆美国经济金融霸权沦为地缘政治武器。美国大搞单边制裁和“长臂管辖”，制订了《国际紧急状态经济权力法》《全球马格尼茨基人权问责法》《以制裁反击美国敌人法》等国内法并推出一系列行政令，对特定国家、组织或个人实施制裁。据统计，从2000年到2021年美国对外制裁增加933%。仅特朗普政府就实施3900多项制裁，相当于平均每天挥舞3次“制裁大棒”。截至目前，美国已对古巴、中国、俄罗斯、朝鲜、伊朗、委内瑞拉等世界上近40个国家实施过经济制裁，全球近一半人口受到影响。“美利坚合众国”已然成为“制裁合众国”。“长臂管辖”完全沦为美国借国家公权力打压商业竞争对手和干涉正常国际商业交易的工具，彻底背离美国长期标榜的自由主义市场经济理念。

America's economic and financial hegemony has become a geopolitical weapon. Doubling down>

四、垄断打压的科技霸权

IV. Technological Hegemony -- Monopoly and Suppression

美国在高科技领域大搞垄断打压、技术封锁，遏阻其他国家科技和经济发展。

The United States seeks to deter other countries' scientific, technological and economic development by wielding monopoly power, suppression measures and technology restrictions in high-tech fields.

◆美国借知识产权保护之名搞知识产权垄断。利用各国特别是发展中国家在知识产权上的弱势地位和在相关领域制度上的空缺实施垄断，攫取高额垄断利润。1994年，美国推动《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，强推知识产权保护的美国化进程和标准，企图固化科技垄断优势。

The United States monopolizes intellectual property in the name of protection. Taking advantage of the weak position of other countries, especially developing>

20世纪80年代，美国为打击日本半导体产业发展，采取包括启动“301”调查、通过多边协议为双边谈判制造筹码、威胁将日本列为不公平贸易国、加征报复性关税等手段，逼迫日本签订《美日半导体协定》，导致日本半导体企业几乎完全退出全球竞争，市场份额由50%跌至10%。同时，在美国政府扶持下，大量美国半导体企业趁机抢占市场。

In the 1980s, to contain the development of Japan's semiconductor industry, the United States launched the "301" investigation, built bargaining power in bilateral negotiations through multilateral agreements, threatened to label Japan as conducting unfair trade, and imposed retaliatory tariffs, forcing Japan to sign the US-Japan Semiconductor Agreement. As a result, Japanese semiconductor enterprises were almost completely driven out of global competition, and their market share dropped from 50 percent to 10 percent. Meanwhile, with the support of the US government, a large number of US semiconductor enterprises took the opportunity and grabbed larger market share.

◆美国将科技问题政治化、武器化、意识形态化。美国泛化国家安全概念，动用国家力量打压和制裁中国华为公司，限制华为产品进入美国市场，断供芯片和操作系统，在全世界胁迫其他国家禁止华为参与当地5G网络建设，还策动加拿大无理拘押华为首席财务官孟晚舟近3年。

The United States politicizes, weaponizes technological issues and uses them as ideological tools. Overstretching the concept of national security, the United States mobilized state power to suppress and sanction Chinese company Huawei, restricted the entry of Huawei products into the US market, cut off its supply of chips and operating systems, and coerced other countries to ban Huawei from undertaking local 5G network construction. It even talked Canada into unwarrantedly detaining Huawei's CFO Meng Wanzhou for nearly three years.

美国还炮制各种借口，围追打压具有国际竞争力的中国高科技企业，已将1000多家中国企业列入各种制裁清单。美国还对生物技术、人工智能等高端技术实施管控，强化出口管制，严格投资审查，打压包括TikTok、微信等中国社交媒体应用程序，游说荷兰和日本限制对中国芯片和相关设备与技术出口。

The United States has fabricated a slew of excuses to clamp down>

美国还在对华科技人才政策方面采取双重标准。2018年6月以来，针对部分高科技专业的中国留学生缩短了签证有效期限，屡屡无端禁止和滋扰中国学者赴美学术交流以及学生赴美留学，对在美华人学者开展大规模调查，排挤、打压华人科研群体。

The United States has also practiced double standards in its policy>

◆美国借民主之名维护科技霸权。打造“芯片联盟”“清洁网络”等科技“小圈子”，给高科技打上民主、人权的标签，将技术问题政治化、意识形态化，为对他国实施技术封锁寻找借口。2019年5月，美国拉拢32个国家在捷克召开“布拉格5G安全大会”，发布“布拉格提案”，企图排除中国5G技术产品。2020年4月，时任美国国务卿蓬佩奥宣布“5G清洁路径”，计划在5G领域构建以“民主”为意识形态纽带、以“网络安全”为目标的技术联盟。美国上述举措的实质，就是通过技术联盟维护科技霸权。

The United States solidifies its technological monopoly in the name of protecting democracy. By building small blocs>

◆美国滥用科技霸权大搞网络攻击和监听窃密。美国是全球窃密大户，作为“黑客帝国”早已恶名远扬。美国网络攻击和监听监视无孔不入，窃密手段五花八门，包括利用模拟手机基站信号接入手机盗取数据，操控手机应用程序，侵入云服务器，通过海底光缆进行窃密等。

The United States abuses its technological hegemony by carrying out cyber attacks and eavesdropping. The United States has long been notorious as an "empire of hackers," blamed for its rampant acts of cyber theft around the world. It has all kinds of means to enforce pervasive cyber attacks and surveillance, including using analog base station signals to access mobile phones for data theft, manipulating mobile apps, infiltrating cloud servers, and stealing through undersea cables. The list goes>

美国实施“无差别”监视监听。从竞争对手到盟友，甚至包括德国前总理默克尔、法国多任总统等盟国领导人，无不在监听范围之内。“棱镜门”“脏盒”“怒角计划”“电幕行动”等美国网络监控和攻击事件，印证了美国的盟友伙伴都在美国的严密监控之列。美国窃听盟友伙伴的行径早已引起国际社会公愤。曾曝光美国监听项目的“维基揭秘”网站创始人阿桑奇说，不要期待这个“监听超级大国”会做出有尊严和让人尊重的行为。规则只有一个，那就是没有规则。

US surveillance is indiscriminate. All can be targets of its surveillance, be they rivals or allies, even leaders of allied countries such as former German Chancellor Angela Merkel and several French Presidents. Cyber surveillance and attacks launched by the United States such as "Prism," "Dirtbox," "Irritant Horn" and "Telescreen Operation" are all proof that the United States is closely monitoring its allies and partners. Such eavesdropping>

五、蛊惑人心的文化霸权

V. Cultural Hegemony -- Spreading False Narratives

美国文化的全球扩张是其对外战略的重要组成部分。美国惯用文化来加强和维护其在世界上的霸权地位。

The global expansion of American culture is an important part of its external strategy. The United States has often used cultural tools to strengthen and maintain its hegemony in the world.

◆美国在电影等商品中植入美国价值观。通过影视产品、图书、各种媒体以及资助非营利性文化机构，“嵌入配售”美国价值观和生活方式，打造出以美式文化为主导的文化和舆论空间，推行文化霸权。美国学者约翰·耶马在其《世界的美国化》一文中指出，关于文化扩张，美国真正的武器是好莱坞的电影业、麦迪逊大街的形象设计厂和马特尔公司、可口可乐公司的生产线。

The United States embeds American values in its products such as movies. American values and lifestyle are a tied product to its movies and TV shows, publications, media content, and programs by the government-funded non-profit cultural institutions. It thus shapes a cultural and public opinion space in which American culture reigns and maintains cultural hegemony. In his article The Americanization of the World, John Yemma, an American scholar, exposed the real weapons in US cultural expansion: the Hollywood, the image design factories>

美国推行文化霸权的形式多种多样，占据世界70%以上份额的美国电影是主渠道之一。美国电影善于利用多元文化背景，创造对各族裔吸引力。随着好莱坞电影在全世界不断发行，美国将价值观裹挟其中，大加渲染。

There are various vehicles the United States uses to keep its cultural hegemony. American movies are the most used; they now occupy more than 70 percent of the world's market share. The United States skilfully exploits its cultural diversity to appeal to various ethnicities. When Hollywood movies descend>

◆美国文化霸权从“直接介入”走向“媒介渗透”和“世界喇叭”，在干涉他国内政时，更加依靠美国主导的西方媒体，煽动全球舆论。

American cultural hegemony not>

美国政府严格审查所有社交媒体公司，要求执行政府指示。福克斯商业频道报道，2022年12月27日，推特公司首席执行官马斯克表示，所有社交媒体平台都与美国政府合作，对内容进行审查。美国的舆论导向受到政府干预，限制所有不利言论。谷歌经常让链接页面消失。

The US government strictly censors all social media companies and demands their obedience. Twitter CEO Elon Musk admitted>

美国国防部操控社交媒体。2022年12月，美国独立调查网站“The Intercept”披露，2017年7月美军中央司令部官员纳撒尼尔·卡勒给推特公共政策团队发了一个表格，包含52个阿拉伯语账号，要求优先服务其中6个，其中一个专门用来宣传美国无人机对也门的军事袭击，例如袭击是精确的，杀死的是恐怖分子而不是平民。按照卡勒要求，推特将这批阿拉伯语账号放入“白名单”，用来放大某些信息。

US Department of Defense manipulates social media. In December 2022, The Intercept, an independent US investigative website, revealed that in July 2017, US Central Command official Nathaniel Kahler instructed Twitter's public policy team to augment the presence of 52 Arabic-language accounts>

◆美国奉行双重新闻自由标准，粗暴打压他国媒体。通过种种手段让别国媒体“消音”。今日俄罗斯电视台、卫星通讯社等俄主流媒体纷纷被美欧禁止落地；俄罗斯官方账号被推特、脸书、优兔等平台公开限流；俄罗斯频道和应用程序被奈飞、苹果、谷歌应用商店等直接下架；涉俄内容遭到史无前例的严格审查。

The United States practices double standards>

◆美国滥用文化霸权对社会主义国家“和平演变”。建立起专门针对社会主义国家的新闻媒体和文化传媒机构。而美国扶植的负责意识形态渗透的电台、电视网由政府提供巨额经费，用数十种语言文字，昼夜不停地对社会主义国家煽动宣传。

The United States abuses its cultural hegemony to instigate "peaceful evolution" in socialist countries. It sets up news media and cultural outfits targeting socialist countries. It pours staggering amounts of public funds into radio and TV networks to support their ideological infiltration, and these mouthpieces bombard socialist countries in dozens of languages with inflammatory propaganda day and night.

美国将虚假信息作为攻击他国的工具，已形成“黑金、黑论、黑嘴”舆论产业链条。为一些团体和个人源源不断提供“黑金”，支持其炮制“黑论”，以此影响国际舆论。

The United States uses misinformation as a spear to attack other countries, and has built an industrial chain around it: there are groups and individuals making up stories, and peddling them worldwide to mislead public opinion with the support of nearly limitless financial resources.

结束语

Conclusion

得道多助，失道寡助。恃强凌弱、巧取豪夺、零和博弈等霸权霸道霸凌行径危害深重，和平、发展、合作、共赢的历史潮流不可阻挡。美国以强权挑战真理，以私利践踏正义。这些单边主义、唯我独尊、倒行逆施的霸权做法正在引发国际社会越来越强烈的批评和反对。

While a just cause wins its champion wide support, an unjust>

国与国之间要相互尊重、平等相待。大国应该有大国的样子，更要带头走出一条对话而不对抗、结伴而不结盟的国际交往新路。中国一贯反对一切形式的霸权主义和强权政治，反对干涉别国内政。美国应该反躬自省，深刻检视自己的所作所为，放弃傲慢与偏见，摒弃霸权霸道霸凌。

Countries need to respect each other and treat each other as equals. Big countries should behave in a manner befitting their status and take the lead in pursuing a new model of state-to-state relations featuring dialogue and partnership, not confrontation or alliance. China opposes all forms of hegemonism and power politics, and rejects interference in other countries' internal affairs. The United States must conduct serious soul-searching. It must critically examine what it has done, let go of its arrogance and prejudice, and quit its hegemonic, domineering and bullying practices.

来源：新华社

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